Chinese, Indian, German and French Translation Traditions

1. Chinese tradition: The translation of the buddst scriptures was done in assembly which mainly consisted interpreting, recording and checking processes, mostly foreign monks who had a limited knowledge of the target language and depended upon interpreters were attributed the term "translator".
2. French tradition: Les belles infideles became so much popular in French in the Renaissance that Jean François Ducics composed an alternative ending to Othello while translating it.
3. French and German traditions: There was a hierarchy between classical languages and vernacular languages which led to the understanding in French in 16th century that translation seemed to be an obstacle to creativity.